Features of grafting an apple tree in spring

Every amateur gardener can become a kind of breeder and grow a variety of fruits on trees in his garden. This is achieved by such an agrotechnical technique as grafting. In the article we will tell you about the peculiarities of grafting an apple tree: what it is, in what time frame is it better to do it, and in what ways it can be done.

Thanks to grafting, trees are rejuvenated, increase fertility. With the correct procedure, you can get fruits of different varieties on the same tree - this agronomic effect attracts many gardeners. In addition to a varied harvest, the owner manages to save space on his site, there is no need to plant many different varieties of trees. And, of course, in this way you can revive a dying tree, preserve the fruits that have become loved.

Grafting an apple tree in spring has a number of benefits. First of all, there is a lot of time ahead for wound healing, favorable weather conditions for development. In addition, the new sap flow allows the tissues to take root better. The disadvantages include the fact that unpredictable spring weather in many regions can lead to unpleasant surprises.

Experts say that grafting of apple trees can be done at any time of the year (in winter - in a greenhouse environment). But experienced gardeners still advise beginners to give preference to the spring procedure. Why reinvent the wheel when everything has been tried out more than once. The fact is that in spring the trees themselves are better prepared, and the weather conditions are appropriate, and there are more opportunities for gardeners to support the grafted trees. But by and large, the grafting procedure practically stretches for the entire season (taking into account subsequent care).

Russia is a large country and it would be wrong to talk about specific terms for vaccination work for all regions. The dates can vary by weeks, for example, in the Urals, they will start grafting apple trees a little later than in the southern regions. In Siberia and the Urals, you can navigate by the state of the soil. Take a shovel and try to dig it up - if you can calmly turn over two bayonets of the earth (which means, most likely, the sap flow at the apple trees has begun), then you can start grafting.

For spring grafting, the air temperature serves as a reference point: watch the trees, as soon as sap flows in them, it means that they "woke up" - it is time to prepare the tools and the necessary materials. As soon as the nights pass without a zero mark on the thermometer, you can act.

In addition to weather conditions, it is necessary to take into account the grade, which method will be used for grafting, and other factors. Basically, the gardener will only experimentally and by observation determine the very moment of the beginning of such work. For many, the landmark for vaccination is the swelling of the buds and the very beginning of the opening of the leaves. Some of the amateur gardeners are guided by the lunar calendar. But in this case, one does not need to go deeply into astrology, and wait for the stars to converge.Use the advice of seasoned gardeners - prune trees when the moon is in the waning phase, and do grafting at the time of the waxing moon.

If, nevertheless, to dig into the depths of astrology, then the best time for grafting apple trees is when the Moon "lives" in water signs. Whether it is true or not, every beginner has a great opportunity to test it in practice. If you rely on science, then it is best to plant the apple tree in the second half of spring before flowering. As soon as the temperature settles at +15 degrees and above, you can get down to business. It is best to do this in the morning or evening on a rainy day.

If you intend to vaccinate with a graft, then it is better to do this in March-April, and if you want to make budding with a kidney, then a little later - for this, the time is from mid-April to early May. Again, the regional characteristics of the area are taken into account. Gardeners living in the south of Russia can safely start grafting with the onset of March, but in the Moscow region it is not recommended to touch trees until April. The climate of the Urals and the Leningrad region will allow vaccinations only closer to May.

For novice gardeners, there should be no problem with how to properly plant an apple tree. You can do it yourself in different ways: there are many ways. You need to choose a convenient option, and be sure to take into account the variety of culture.

There are over 200 methods of grafting an apple tree. Usually this is done with a freshly cut scion or cuttings, you can just use an eye. Many people believe that it is better to do this on a young tree, but experienced gardeners also do grafting on the trunks of older apple trees (for stronger branches, the drilling method is suitable). Consider the most popular ways of grafting an apple tree.

For this method, a scion and a rootstock are chosen (it is desirable that they be of the same thickness) - then the splicing occurs qualitatively. This copulation method was improved by an additional incision, which is made both on the grafted branch (cuttings) and on the grafted trunk.

Let's see how to get vaccinated.

• On the rootstock and the scion, the same cuts 2 to 4 cm long.
• Then they do more one cut at a height of about 1/3 from the base (peculiar tongues are formed, they should also be the same size - both on the apple tree and on the cutting branch). Experienced gardeners argue that the quality of intergrowth of crops depends on the size of the reed cut and they recommend making it longer - so the graft will be stronger.
• The stalk is strengthened in the cut, tightly pinching with your fingers.

You can fix the graft site.

When the thickness of the scion and rootstock differs significantly, this method is used.

Sequencing.

• Take a sharp hacksaw and saw off the selected branch. It is recommended to retreat from the base (trunk) by about a third of a meter, and from the ground - at least 12-15 cm.
• The shoot is split in the middle.
• The stalk is inserted in such a way to get a complete match of the fabrics.
• The joints are lubricated with garden lime (pitch), tightly wrap the grafting docking with a dark film.

If you are not sure about the grafting performed, then repeat the process with another graft, and if you are sure, then stop at one grafting. By the way, experienced gardeners inoculate in this way not into a split, but into a half-split, that is, they do not make an incision in the middle, but split the stalk on the side, making only a small incision.

This method allows grafting in the case when the bark of the trunk was gnawed by rodents, or it was damaged by other pests. First, these places are cleaned, and then they perform a series of actions.

• Above and below the lesion, incisions are made along the length.
• Cut the cuttings and clean them from the buds.
• One-plane cuts are made on the rootstocks.
• Now reinforce the rootstocks so that the bottom of the cutting is aligned with the bottom of the damage on the tree, and the top is with the top (with a notch above the damage).
• Finish the process by finishing the joints with garden varnish and a tight black plastic strapping.

With a difference in the thickness of the cuttings and stocks, the method "on the bark" or, as others call it, "under the bark" is also used. This method is still convenient when rather large branches are taken for grafting. Let's consider the procedure.

• A stalk with 2-3 buds is cut diagonally at a distance of half a meter from the trunk (a little or more is possible - up to 70 cm).
• The bark on the main tree is carefully separated, and an incision is made about 5-6 cm.
• On the handle, make an oblique cut 4 cm long, and insert it under the bark with the incised side.

This method differs from those described above in that the grafting occurs not with a handle, but with a kidney. Moreover, both a sprouting eye and a dormant bud are suitable for this. It is spring (April) that is most suitable for budding - so there is a chance to see a young shoot in the current season. Budding is carried out in two ways: in the cut (with the letter "T") and in the butt. Let's consider each technique separately.

Piping in the incision (by the kidney).

• Cut off the flap (a little with bark) with a width of 5 to 8 mm and a length of at least 2.5-3 cm.
• An incision of the same diameter is made on the branch, reminiscent of the letter "T", and a shield is inserted into it.
• Wrap the docking place with foil.

Method of budding in the butt.

• An incision with a "pocket" is made on the rootstock.
• About the same shield is cut from the scion of the desired variety.
• Install the flap in the resulting "pocket" in such a way as to obtain a snug fit of the tissues.
• The structure is wrapped with foil, but the kidney itself is left in the air.
• After the scion has taken root, the shoot above the bud must be removed.

It is very important after grafting to protect the tree from diseases and pests. In the first case, processing with a garden pitch will save, in the second - a tight winding with a dense film. By the way, it needs to be updated every 2 weeks. To do this, the film is carefully cut with a blade or sharp knife, making a longitudinal cut. The tree is completely relieved of it after 2-3 months, depending on the "healing" of the inoculated wound.

Grafted seedlings often become an object for caterpillars and aphids, which are looking for succulent shoots for feeding, therefore provide the tree with timely watering, the necessary feeding and processing, as well as protection from rodents and birds, in order to get a whole and healthy young shoot... At the grafting site, remove all the shoots that appear below the grafting site, while these branches are not cut off, but cut off at the base, otherwise they will grow even more intensively. During the fall, the overgrown shoots must be tied up, and the trees are fed with the necessary elements.

In the fall, the trunks must again be treated with garden pitch and spud, and in order to save from the winter cold, it is better to insulate the apple tree. The next spring, young seedlings are pruned based on the strength of the shoots. Only the strongest option is left on each of the vaccinations, and everything else is pruned. Especially carefully clean all the growth below the graft. If you see that the plant grows well, you can shorten the left shoot by cutting it down to 1/3. If the graft is actively growing, you need to stop its growth, for this it is enough to pinch off the top.

The most common question for novice gardeners is: what to plant an apple tree on? Experienced agronomists answer as follows: it is better to plant related crops and close varieties, and they advise to carry out the procedure in the wild. Well, really, this is the most common method.This prolongs the life of an orchard apple tree, it develops immunity to cold weather and diseases, in the end, it is about increasing yields. For grafting in the wild, seedlings are chosen that are not more than 4 years old, so that they are not overgrown.

A successful result guarantees compliance with the rules that are important to follow with any of the vaccination methods.

• Remember that you are acting like a surgeon (tree grafting is an operation), so keep the instruments clean, and work with clean hands, it is best to carry out the procedure with gloves.
• Make the cuts clearly, without curvature and grooves. Use garden shears, a sharp knife, or preferably a special grafting pruner.
• Do not touch the cuts with your hands, do not drop the cutting to the ground, and quickly insert the stock into the prepared place for grafting.
• Do not make too deep deepening on the scion., it can cause rotting.
• When making slices, try to act as carefully as possibleto reduce damage to fabrics.
• Before the process, the plant is watered abundantly, it will not hurt to loosen the soil near the tree - this will improve air exchange and moisture absorption.
• Wrap with electrical tape with the adhesive surface outward.so that less harmful substances get into the vaccine. And it is better to use a special dense dark tape for wrapping the "wound".
• Check the winding periodically and change it after 10-14 days.... This is so that it does not crush the branch.

The winding and all ties are removed only after 2 years from the moment of grafting the tree. All this time, the grafted apple tree needs to be watered, fed and timely freed from unnecessary branches. The first fruits on a grafted apple tree may appear just after 2 years. Grafted cuttings will actively begin to bear fruit after a 4-year period. If 14-15 days have passed, and the vaccine has not taken root, then treat the cut site with garden varnish, and discard the cutting. I'll have to try again.

Over time, novice gardeners themselves will accumulate some experience in grafting apple trees, but for now, experienced comrades recommend that beginners not be afraid to experiment and find their own approaches.