Features and types of rubble masonry

Rubble masonry Is a special construction technology based on the use of pieces and fragments of natural stone of different sizes. In this case, a wide variety of techniques are used, but each of them requires special skills and deep professional knowledge. We will talk about the technique of performing rubble masonry in our review.

Rubble stone has been used as a building material for many centuries, it is from it that ancient European pavements are made - you have probably seen these paths made of round stones, rolled over the centuries by ice and water. Although, in most cases, this building material is still mined in industrial quarries using the explosive method, as well as during the development of deposits.

Nowadays, rubble masonry can most often be found in closed suburban villages with rich cottages. Usually, a masonry of natural stones of an irregular configuration has a pair of parallel decks there - it was she who got its name "rubble".

The rubble stone is traditionally called fragments of an uneven shape, obtained from sandstone, dolomite, as well as granite, limestone, tuff, some other rocks are also suitable for this. The length of the building material varies from 20 to 50 cm, one of the popular varieties of buta is cobblestones - these are stones, the edges of which are about 30 cm long.

Rubble stone is considered one of the most popular and demanded building materials. Its undoubted advantages include a number of characteristics.

• Environmental Safety. Due to its natural origin, quarrystone is harmless to human life and health, which makes it very popular in the construction of residential buildings and other structures.
• High wear resistance. This material is not afraid of either high humidity or temperature fluctuations, they are resistant to the action of pests and mold. All these factors do not change its technical and operational features in any way, and the stone is able to successfully withstand high loads - both horizontal and vertical.
• Affordable cost... For the manufacture of rubble, the simplest technologies and elementary equipment are used. This has the most beneficial effect on the total cost of the work.
• Long operational period. Buta masonry lasts more than a hundred years.
• Aesthetic look. Rubble stone is not only reliable, it also looks very impressive in landscape compositions and facade cladding.

However, it was not without its drawbacks. The main disadvantage of this building material - the exceptional laboriousness of working with it. To fit it beautifully, you need to pick up the pieces so that they fit together in size - this requires a lot of skill.

The field of use of rubble stone masonry covers a number of areas. A similar building material is commonly used for:

• construction of foundations for residential buildings and other buildings;
• finishing of facades of houses;
• facing of auxiliary buildings;
• construction of hydraulic structures;
• erection of retaining structures;
• arrangement of sewer channels.

Decorating with rubble stone has experienced a surge in popularity in recent decades. - today this design option is no less common than facing with porcelain stoneware.

For the production of rubble from rubble you need building materials of natural origin, uneven shape... The advantage of using just such a stone is that in a situation of a lack of brick or even its absence for the construction of a foundation in basements and underground floors, during the construction of walls, most of the available local materials can be used.

By nature, rubble stone has an irregular shape and a wide variety of dimensions, therefore a number of requirements are imposed on its appearance and quality.

1. Optimally, the length of each individual block should not be more than 45-50 cm, and its weight should not exceed 50 kg. For the construction of hydraulic structures, stones are needed, the mass of which is 30 kg, and the length is 30 cm.
2. The volume of impurities cannot exceed 2% of the total volume of building material. There is one method for determining the homogeneity of a buta - this is the clarity and the level of sonicity when you hit it with a hammer.

If there are signs of delamination, cracking and cracking, the stone is unsuitable for use.

If the stone does not meet the required standards, then it is preliminarily plinted, in other words, it is split into small fractions.

An equally important part of the preparation of the boot for the formation of the styling is joke - that is, giving it the shape of an even parallelepiped, as well as removing all pointed corners.

Blocks of rubble are laid on pre-prepared trenches., which in the future filled with cement composition and align well. Then the first row of the future wall is laid. In this case, you should carefully ensure that the modules used are pressed against each other as tightly as possible. If mudflows do form between the building materials, they must be covered with gravel and compacted.

At the next stage, perform filling a row with a liquid concrete solution. The second and all other rows of masonry are designed using a similar technology. It is very important during the execution of work to maintain precise dressing of seams.

Natural stones in their shape and dimensions are heterogeneous materials, therefore for the formation of a dressing of rubble masonry stone modules need to be alternated, laying out the boot with elongated and shortened sides. As a result, rubble masonry comes out mixed, while long ones are placed over small stones, respectively, on the contrary - short ones are fixed over long elements.

So, in the corridor 20-30 cm, the laying can be approximately equivalent. It is allowed to stack two or more small blocks in a row in a single row: a large-sized bottle can be located in two rows at once.

There are several main masonry techniques... Let's dwell on each of them in more detail.

The technique of performing "under the shoulder blade" implies leveling the rubble and placing it horizontally in several rows to a height of 20-25 cm with the obligatory filling of the voids with crushed stone and bandaging the fillet seams.

The first row is formed from large elements so that the blocks with their flat edges are facing downward, onto a previously prepared base without concrete mortar. All the voids between the elements are covered with small gravel or small stones, tamped well and then filled with a plastic cement compound.

Before starting to lay each next row, it is necessary to lay out versts. Before putting the internal and external masonry on the fixing compound, special beacons should be laid every 4-4.5 m on flat sections of the walls, as well as in all corners and their intersections. The fundamental point to which you need to pay special attention - even horizontals of the row.

Versts are performed without the use of cement mortar, choosing for this the boot so that it is approximately the same size.

The further stage involves finishing installation of masonry. To do this, the unsecured blocks are lifted, the mortar is spread with a layer of 4-6 cm and fixed back, compacting the rows.

After the layout of the versts is completed, you should perform filling the backlog. For this purpose, the required amount of cement composition is applied and leveled so that during the laying of stones it squeezes out exactly vertically formed seams. Zabutka is made of stone blocks of various shapes and sizes, the most important thing in this case is to monitor the strength of the adhesion of these stones to one another. To make the masonry as strong as possible, be sure to make sure that the rubble elements do not dock without concrete.

When the zabutka is over - the surface of the formed row is leveled with a mixture of small stones with a plastic solution.

Another rather specific styling method is "Under the bay". In this case, the choice of buta is not made, since the laying is formed from chopped cobblestones. A characteristic feature of this method is that the formwork is fixed on the trenches prepared in advance for this purpose immediately after the implementation of the necessary work on the territory for further development. With the optimum density of the earth, masonry can be carried out without formwork installation on a recess of about 1 m 30 cm with a trench wall.

The first layer of masonry is made up to a height of 15-25 cm. It is fixed without the use of a solution and tamped very tightly, and then the formed gaps are filled with a small stone and fixed with a liquid solution.

The procedure for laying subsequent layers is the same. It should be noted that this option cannot provide the structure with the necessary strength, therefore, it is usually used when erecting a foundation if the building is planned to be built to a height not exceeding 10 m, and in very strong soil.

In order to increase the strength of the bookmark, it is used vibration compaction - this technique increases the stability of the structure by 25-40%.

The works are carried out in a certain sequence.

The first row is laid out dry, filling the gaps formed between the butom with gravel. After that, the solution is applied in a layer of 4-5 cm.Immediately after that, special equipment is installed - vibrator, which is needed to compact rubble masonry. Vibration is carried out until the complete absorption of the cement mortar into the masonry occurs. Remaining rows it is filled with the "under the scapula" method, after which it is coated with concrete solution and re-exposed to vibration. This option is optimal in non-subsiding soils.

Masonry options are often combined. So, if a decision is made to use a combined laying, then the very first row of rubble is placed without the use of a solution, filling the gaps between the building modules with gravel or crushed stone.

The next row is fixed already on a plastic fixing solution, the layer is 50-60 cm, after which the masonry is compacted.

All further rows are laid out "under the scapula", then they are poured with concrete solution and well compacted.

In this case, the stone is first laid out "under the shoulder blade", and then the outer side is lined, carefully selecting the bottle. Usually it is placed vertically, and then the required pattern is formed from seams 3-5 cm in size. To obtain the most decorative effect from the rough stone, the corners are bandaged with the base masonry.In some situations, cyclopean cladding is used immediately after the construction of the walls - it is best to take bedded rocks for this.

For this, a layer of mortar 20-30 cm wide is initially formed and stones are sunk in it about 1/2 of the entire height. The gaps and gaps between the stones should be at least 6-7 cm. After that, the formed structure is subjected to vibration and again poured with a plastic solution.

Please note that the solution used for this should consist of a high-quality concrete binder, as well as a filler (gravel or crushed stone) up to 3 cm in diameter.

The video shows a foundation made of rubble stone.